Conservation Evidence: Evidence Data

Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove or control predators to enhance bird populations and communities A meta-analysis and a systematic review both found that reproductive success increased with predator removal, but their exact findings differed. The meta-analysis found that post-breeding population size increased, whilst the systematic review found that this was true on mainlands, but not islands and that breeding populations also increased. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F371https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F371Tue, 07 Aug 2012 13:58:46 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control mammalian predators on islandsThe assessment of the effectiveness of this intervention was based on a total of 33 studies across all species groups. See Background section below for links to the evidence for the control of mammalian predators on islands on specific species groups. A paired sites study from Finland and a literature review from the UK found increased bird species richness and abundance or population recoveries and recolonisations, following the control or eradication of mammalian predators. Predators removed included American mink Mustela vison, rats Rattus spp. pigs Sus scrofa, cats Felis catus, dogs Canis familiaris and grey fox Dusicyon griseus. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F373https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F373Tue, 07 Aug 2012 15:31:12 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control mammalian predators on islands for railsTwo before-and-after studies from Australia and the Galapagos Islands found increases in survival or population density of rails on islands following the removal of feral pigs Sus scrofa. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F377https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F377Wed, 08 Aug 2012 13:42:59 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control mammalian predators on islands for waders A controlled before-and-after study in New Zealand found that the Chatham Island oystercatcher Haematopus chathamensis population increased following the removal of feral cats Felis catus and other species. A second controlled before-and-after study in Alaska, USA, found small increases in black oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani breeding populations on two islands, but the overall population only increased on one, declining on the other. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F378https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F378Wed, 08 Aug 2012 13:46:45 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control mammalian predators on islands for pigeonsTwo before-and-after trials on Mauritius found that fewer pink pigeon Columba mayeri nests were predated and more chicks were fledged following systematic and intensive rat control. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F380https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F380Wed, 08 Aug 2012 14:19:04 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control mammalian predators on islands for parrotsTwo before-and-after studies in New Zealand found reduced nest predation and successful recolonisation of an island following invasive mammal eradication or control. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F381https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F381Wed, 08 Aug 2012 14:38:19 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Control predators not on islands for seabirds A before-and-after study from New Zealand found an increase in a tern population following intensive trapping of invasive mammals. A before-and-after study from Canada found increases in tern fledging success following gull control. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F385https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F385Wed, 08 Aug 2012 16:42:50 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use multiple barriers to protect nests A replicated, controlled study from the USA found no evidence that erecting an electric fence around nests protected by individual barriers increased fledging success in piping plovers Charadrius melodus. A replicated study from the USA found that removing the outer of two nest protection fences after 15 days appeared to reduce predation compared to when both fences were left for 18 days. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F404https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F404Thu, 16 Aug 2012 15:00:00 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use collar-mounted devices to reduce predation Two replicated randomised and controlled studies in the UK and Australia found that significantly fewer birds were returned by cats wearing collars with various anti-hunting devices, compared to controls. A replicated, randomised and controlled study from the UK found no significant differences between different devices. Both UK studies found that collars were easily lost. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F416https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F416Thu, 16 Aug 2012 15:27:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Exclude or control ‘reservoir species’ to reduce parasite burdens A literature review found no compelling evidence that culling mountain hares Lepus timidus (a carrier of the ticks that carry louping ill virus) increased red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus populations. A controlled before-and-after study from the UK did find that there was a significant increase in chick production on grouse moors with hare culling, compared to control sites but no change in population density. A comment on this paper argued that the controls used in it were not adequate. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F435https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F435Wed, 22 Aug 2012 15:02:05 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove ectoparasites from feathers to increase survival or reproductive success A replicated and controlled study in the UK found that red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus treated with spot applications had lower tick and disease burdens and higher survival than controls, whilst birds with impregnated tags had lower tick burdens only. A replicated ex situ study in Hawaii found that CO2 was the most effective way to remove lice from feathers, although this treatment did not kill the lice. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F437https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F437Wed, 22 Aug 2012 15:30:29 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Remove brood parasite eggs from target species’ nests A controlled before-and-after study on Puerto Rico found lower rates of parasitism of yellow-shouldered blackbird Agelaius xanthomus nests when shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis eggs were removed from nests. A replicated, controlled study from 1997-1999 in grassy fields in New York State, USA found that song sparrow Melospiza melodia nests that had cowbird eggs removed from them had lower success than nests which were parasitised and that did not have eggs removed. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F443https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F443Thu, 23 Aug 2012 15:56:54 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Restrict certain pesticides or other agricultural chemicals for birdsA small scale study found that Pyrazophos reduced chick food abundance more than other foliar fungicides. A before-and-after study from Spain found that the population of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus increased in the study area following multiple interventions including the banning of strychnine. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F455https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F455Wed, 29 Aug 2012 14:24:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Use lights low in spectral red to reduce mortality from artificial lightsTwo studies from the North Sea and the Netherlands found that fewer birds were attracted to low-red lights (including green and blue lights), compared with the number expected, or the number attracted to white or red lights. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F471https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F471Wed, 29 Aug 2012 16:40:31 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide artificial nesting sites for waders Two replicated studies from the UK and the USA found that waders used artificial islands and nesting sites. The UK study found that sparsely vegetated islands at coastal sites were used more than well vegetated and inland sites. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F486https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F486Mon, 03 Sep 2012 12:00:21 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide artificial nesting sites for ibises and flamingos A study in Turkey found that northern bald ibises Geronticus eremite moved to a site with artificial breeding ledges. A before-and-after study from France and Spain found that large numbers of greater flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus used artificial nesting islands. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F487https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F487Mon, 03 Sep 2012 12:03:36 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide artificial nesting sites for pigeonsTwo replicated studies from the USA and the Netherlands found high use rates and high nesting success of pigeons and doves using artificial nests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F492https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F492Mon, 03 Sep 2012 16:47:27 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide artificial nesting sites for rollers A before-and-after study from Spain found that the use of nest boxes by European rollers Coracias garrulous increased over time and that use varied between habitats. A replicated controlled trial from Spain found no difference in success rates between new and old nest boxes, although birds in old boxes began nesting earlier. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F494https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F494Mon, 03 Sep 2012 17:06:54 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Provide nesting material for wild birds A replicated study in the UK found that songbirds used feathers provided at a very low rate and nest construction did not appear to be resource limited. A replicated, controlled study from Australia found that four species of egrets used supplementary nesting material provided, preferentially taking material from raised platforms over water compared to plots on dry land. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F501https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F501Tue, 04 Sep 2012 16:23:14 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Artificially incubate eggs or warm nests A replicated, controlled trial in the UK found that great tits Parus major were less likely to interrupt their laying sequence if their nest box was heated, although there was no effect on egg or clutch size. A small study in New Zealand found that no kakapo Strigopus habroptilus eggs or chicks died from chilling following the use of nest warmers. Before this a nest had been lost to chilling. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F503https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F503Tue, 04 Sep 2012 16:34:31 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of vultures with wild conspecificsTwo small studies, one a New World vulture and one of an Old World species found that single chicks were successfully adopted by foster conspecifics, although in one case this led to the death of one of the foster parents’ chicks. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F509https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F509Thu, 06 Sep 2012 14:34:30 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of owls with wild conspecifics A replicated study in the USA found high fledging rates for barn owl Tyto alba chicks fostered to wild pairs. A replicated controlled study from Canada found that captive-reared burrowing owl Athene cunicularia chicks fostered to wild nests did not have significantly lower survival or growth rates than wild chicks. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F511https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F511Thu, 06 Sep 2012 15:57:35 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of parrots with wild conspecifics A replicated study from Venezuela found that yellow-shouldered Amazon Amazona barbadensis chicks had high fledging rates when fostered to conspecific nests in the wild. A second replicated study from Venezuela found significantly lower poaching rates of yellow-shouldered Amazons Amazona barbadensis when chicks were moved to foster nests closer to a field base. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F515https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F515Thu, 06 Sep 2012 16:34:58 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of waders with wild non-conspecifics (cross-fostering) A replicated and controlled study from the USA found that killdeer Charadrius vociferus eggs incubated and raised by spotted sandpipers Actitis macularia had similar fledging rates to parent-reared birds. A replicated and controlled study from New Zealand found that cross-fostering black stilt Himantopus novasezelandiae chicks to black-winged stilt H. himantopus nests significantly increased nest success, but that cross-fostered chicks had lower success than chicks fostered to conspecifics’ nests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F517https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F517Thu, 06 Sep 2012 17:03:55 +0100Collected Evidence: Collected Evidence: Foster eggs or chicks of cranes with wild non-conspecifics (cross-fostering)Two studies from the USA found low fledging success for cranes fostered to non-conspecifics’ nests. Collected Evidencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F519https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationevidence.com%2Factions%2F519Thu, 06 Sep 2012 17:13:19 +0100